progeria

Genes are the building blocks of heredity. They are passed from parent to child. They hold DNA, the instructions for making proteins. Proteins do most of the work in cells. They move molecules from one place to another, build structures, break down toxins, and do many other maintenance jobs.

Sometimes there is a mutation, a change in a gene or genes. The mutation changes the gene's instructions for making a protein, so the protein does not work properly or is missing entirely. This can cause a medical condition called a genetic disorder.

You can inherit a gene mutation from one or both parents. A mutation can also happen during your lifetime.

There are three types of genetic disorders:

• Single-gene disorders, where a mutation affects one gene. Sickle cell anemia is an example.
• Chromosomal disorders, where chromosomes (or parts of chromosomes) are missing or changed. Chromosomes are the structures that hold our genes. Down syndrome is a chromosomal disorder.
• Complex disorders, where there are mutations in two or more genes. Often your lifestyle and environment also play a role. Colon cancer is an example.

Genetic tests on blood and other tissue can identify genetic disorders.

NIH: National Library of Medicine

Atherosclerosis is a condition in which plaque builds up inside your arteries. Plaque is a sticky substance made up of cholesterol, fat, blood cells, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, plaque hardens and causes your arteries to narrow. That limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your body.

Some people may confuse atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, but they are not the same thing:

• Arteriosclerosis is hardening of the arteries, which means that the arteries thicken and become less flexible. It can have several different causes.
• Atherosclerosis, which develops from plaque buildup, is a common type of arteriosclerosis.

Atherosclerosis can affect most of the arteries in the body. It has different names, based on which arteries are affected:

• Coronary artery disease (CAD) is plaque buildup in the arteries of your heart.
• Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is plaque buildup in the arteries that carry blood away from the heart to other parts of the body. It most often affects the arteries of your legs, but it can also affect the arteries of your arms or pelvis.
• Carotid artery disease is plaque buildup in the neck arteries. It reduces blood flow to the brain.
• Renal artery stenosis is plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to your kidneys.
• Vertebral artery disease is plaque buildup in the arteries that supply blood to the back of your brain.
• Mesenteric artery ischemia is plaque buildup in the arteries that supply your intestines with blood.

Plaque often starts to build up during childhood and gets worse with age. The exact cause is unknown, but researchers believe that this buildup happens when there is damage to the arteries. This damage may be caused by unhealthy lifestyle habits, medical conditions, and your genes.

You may be more likely to develop atherosclerosis if you:

• Have certain medical conditions, including:
  • High blood pressure
  • High blood cholesterol
  • Diabetes
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis
• Have a family history of high blood cholesterol
• Eat a lot of foods high in saturated fats
• Smoke or chew tobacco
• Are older - the risk increases after age 45 men and age 55 in women

In the early stages, atherosclerosis often does not cause any symptoms. You may first notice some symptoms at times when your body needs more oxygen. For example, this could be when you are having physical or emotional stress.

Your symptoms will depend on which arteries are affected and how much blood flow is blocked:

• With coronary artery disease, the symptoms may include angina (a type of chest pain), palpitations (racing or pounding heart), and shortness of breath.
• With carotid artery disease, you may have a bruit. This is a whooshing sound that your health care provider hears when using a stethoscope. You could also have a transient ischemic attack (TIA), sometimes called a mini-stroke.
• With peripheral artery disease, you may have pain, aching, heaviness, or cramping in the legs when walking or climbing stairs.
• With vertebral artery disease, you may have problems with thinking and memory, weakness or numbness on one side of the body or face, and vision trouble. You could also have a transient ischemic attack.
• With mesenteric artery ischemia, the symptoms can include severe pain after meals, weight loss, and diarrhea.

For men, erectile dysfunction (ED) is an early warning sign that you may be at higher risk for atherosclerosis and its complications. If you have ED, talk with your provider about your risk of plaque buildup.

Atherosclerosis can cause other health problems, or complications. For example, if a plaque bursts, a blood clot may form. The clot could block the artery completely or travel to another part of the body. Other possible complications can vary, depending on which arteries are affected. For example, blockages in different parts of the body can lead to complications such as a heart attack, stroke, vascular dementia, or limb loss.

To find out if you have atherosclerosis, your provider:

• Will ask about your medical and family health history
• Will ask about your lifestyle and risk factors for plaque buildup in the arteries
• Will do a physical exam, which will include listening to your heart and the blood flow in your arteries
• Will likely order tests, such as blood tests and heart health tests

If you have atherosclerosis, your provider will work with you to create a treatment plan that works for you. Your plan will depend on which arteries are affected, how much the blood flow is blocked, and what other medical conditions you have. Possible treatments may include:

• Heart-healthy lifestyle changes.
• Medicines to:
  • Manage your risk factors.
  • Treat atherosclerosis or its complications.
  • Treat any medical conditions you have that can worsen plaque buildup.
• Procedures or surgeries to treat diseases or complications that were caused by plaque buildup. The specific type of procedure or surgery will depend on which arteries are affected.
• Cardiac rehabilitation, if you have had certain complications from atherosclerosis.

There are steps you can take to try to prevent atherosclerosis:

• Choose heart-healthy foods, such fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Limit foods that are high in saturated fats, salt, and added sugars.
• Do regular physical activity. But before you start an exercise program, ask your provider what level of physical activity is right for you.
• Aim for a healthy weight.
• Limit how much alcohol you drink. Drinking less is better for health than drinking more. Men should limit their intake to 2 drinks or less in a day. Women should drink 1 drink or less per day.
• Manage stress.
• If you smoke, quit smoking.
• Avoid secondhand smoke.
• Get enough good-quality sleep.

NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute