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Your anus is the opening at the end of your large intestine. It is where stool (poop) leaves your body.

Problems with the anus are common. They include:

• Hemorrhoids
• Abscesses
• Fissures, small cracks or tears in the lining of your anus
• Anorectal fistula, an abnormal tunnel from your anus or rectum to the skin surface
• Anal itching (pruritus ani)
• Cancer

Your symptoms will depend on which disorder you have. But some of the more common symptoms may include:

• Bleeding
• Discharge
• Itching
• Pain
• Swelling

To make a diagnosis, your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and medical history. Depending upon your symptoms, your provider may:

• Check the skin around your anus for anything that looks abnormal.
• Perform a digital rectal exam (DRE). For this exam, your provider inserts a lubricated, gloved finger into the lower part of your rectum to feel for lumps or anything unusual.
• Order tests, such as an anoscopy.

You may be embarrassed to talk about your anal troubles. But it's important to let your provider know about your symptoms, especially if you have pain or bleeding. The more details you can give about your problem, the better your provider can help you.

Treatments vary, depending on the condition you have.

NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

A birth defect is a problem that happens while a baby is developing in the mother's body. Most birth defects happen during the first 3 months of pregnancy. One out of every 33 babies in the United States is born with a birth defect.

A birth defect may affect how the body looks, works, or both. Some birth defects like cleft lip or neural tube defects are structural problems that can be easy to see. Others, like heart disease, are found using special tests. Birth defects can range from mild to severe. How a birth defect affects a child's life depends mostly on which organ or body part is involved and how severe the defect is.

For some birth defects, researchers know the cause. But for many birth defects, the exact cause is unknown. Researchers think that most birth defects are caused by a complex mix of factors, which can include:

• Genetics. One or more genes might have a change or mutation that prevents them from working properly. For example, this happens in Fragile X syndrome. With some defects, a gene or part of the gene might be missing.
• Chromosomal problems. In some cases, a chromosome or part of a chromosome might be missing. This is what happens in Turner syndrome. In other cases, such as with Down syndrome, the child has an extra chromosome.
• Exposures to medicines, chemicals, or other toxic substances. For example, alcohol misuse can cause fetal alcohol spectrum disorders.
• Infections during pregnancy. For example, infection with Zika virus during pregnancy can cause a serious defect in the brain.
• Lack of certain nutrients. Not getting enough folic acid before and during pregnancy is a key factor in causing neural tube defects.

Certain factors may increase the chances of having a baby with a birth defect, such as:

• Smoking, drinking alcohol, or taking certain "street" drugs during pregnancy
• Having certain medical conditions, such as obesity or uncontrolled diabetes, before and during pregnancy
• Taking certain medicines
• Having someone in your family with a birth defect. To learn more about your risk of having a baby with a birth defect, you can talk with a genetic counselor,
• Being an older mother, typically over the age of 34 years

Health care providers can diagnose some birth defects during pregnancy, using prenatal testing. That's why it important to get regular prenatal care.

Other birth defects may not be found until after the baby is born. Providers may find them through newborn screening. Some defects, such as club foot, are obvious right away. Other times, the health care provider may not discover a defect until later in life, when the child has symptoms.

Children with birth defects often need special care and treatments. Because the symptoms and problems caused by birth defects vary, the treatments also vary. Possible treatments may include surgery, medicines, assistive devices, physical therapy, and speech therapy.

Often, children with birth defects need a variety of services and may need to see several specialists. The primary health care provider can coordinate the special care that the child needs.

Not all birth defects can be prevented. But there are things you can do before and during pregnancy to increase your chance of having a healthy baby:

• Start prenatal care as soon as you think you might be pregnant, and see your health care provider regularly during pregnancy
• Get 400 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid every day. If possible, you should start taking it at least one month before you get pregnant.
• Don't drink alcohol, smoke, or use "street" drugs
• Talk to your health care provider about any medicines you are taking or thinking about taking. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, as well as dietary or herbal supplements.
• Learn how to prevent infections during pregnancy
• If you have any medical conditions, try to get them under control before you get pregnant

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Vaginal problems are some of the most common reasons women go to the doctor. They may have symptoms such as:

• Itching
• Burning
• Pain
• Abnormal bleeding
• Discharge

One common problem is vaginitis, an inflammation of the vagina. Other problems that affect the vagina include sexually transmitted infections (STIs), vaginal cancer, and vulvar cancer. Treatment of vaginal problems depends on the cause.